Mathematical model of the mechanism for generating SQL-questions in the ORM layer of the Hibernate framework

Problem statement. Modern ORM frameworks, such as Hibernate, automate the process of interaction with databases, which significantly simplifies development. However, their performance, in particular the speed of generating SQL queries, can significantly depend on the structure of the input data, its volume, and caching settings. Insufficient understanding of these factors can lead to unreasonable delays in application operation. Goal. To study the influence of the structure and size of the input data on the process of generating SQL queries in the ORM layer of the Hibernate framework, and to evaluate the role of caching in optimizing execution time. Results. The study identified the key components involved in generating SQL queries. A mathematical model was developed that describes the query generation time depending on the input data and caching settings. The model allows predicting the performance of the ORM layer for various configurations. Practical significance. The results can be used to optimize the operation of applications using Hibernate, as well as to select optimal caching parameters and data organization. This is especially important for highly loaded systems where performance is critical.