Solvent-free Pd-catalysed N-arylation of amines, amides and diaza-18-crown-6

The N-arylation of amines, amides and diaza-18-crown-6 with weakly activated aryl bromides catalysed by Pd⁰/L and the arylation of pyrrolidone-2 with 2-bromothiophene catalysed by CuI/1,2-di(methylamino)cyclohexane can be performed in the presence of graphite at 60–100 °C without solvent to give arylation products in good yields (60–78%).