Planetary grinding's impact on the structure and photocatalytic characteristics of urea-derived g-C$_3$N$_4$ nanocrystals

The burgeoning interest in two-dimensional materials derived from graphite carbon nitride (g-C$_3$N$_4$) stems from its non-toxicity, exceptional charge carrier mobility, and UV-vis absorption capabilities. Crucially, g-C$_3$N$_4$'s performance hinges on its specific surface area. We investigate how planetary grinding impacts the crystal and electronic structures of g-C$_3$N$_4$ nanocrystals. Six samples, subjected to varying durations of mechanical treatment, underwent comprehensive characterization using a complex of physico-chemical methods. Notably, planetary grinding substantially increases the specific surface area of g-C$_3$N$_4$ nanocrystals while preserving their electronic structure. Furthermore, we assessed the photocatalytic performance of these samples in decomposing antibiotics under visible light. The nanocrystalline powder with an enhanced specific surface area demonstrated a remarkable efficiency in tetracycline hydrochloride decomposition. In summary, our study highlights the potential of planetary grinding as a means to augment g-C$_3$N$_4$'s specific surface area, positioning it as a promising platform for the development of contemporary, eco-friendly photocatalysts.