Thermodynamics of formation reaction and hydrometallurgical application of metal–ammonia complexes in aqueous solutions

Critically selected activity coefficients of individual ions stepwise stability constants, and enthalpy and entropy changes during formation of metal–ammonia complexes in aqueous salt solutions are summarised and analysed. Special attention is paid to the specifics of ammonia complexation in solutions with high ammonia concentrations (≥1 mol dm ^-3), which are of interest in hydrometallurgy. Certain problems and prospects for use of metal–ammonia complexation in hydrometallurgy are discussed. The bibliography includes 154 references.