Wearable noninvasive glucose sensors based on graphene and other carbon materials

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and chronic diseases worldwide and one of the fastest growing global health emergencies of the 21st century. Since diabetes is a multisystem disease that requires complex treatment, regular analysis of the health condition of patients with diabetes is necessary. With the development of wearable medical systems for monitoring human health, there is a huge potential for testing and, as a result, improving diabetes treatment. The purpose of the present review is to evaluate current developments in wearable biosensors for type 2 diabetes for personalized medicine. In particular, we will consider possibilities of sweat testing for noninvasive analysis of glucose levels in sweat and, consequently, in blood. Wearable biosensors, as a convenient means of measurement, have become a rapidly growing area of interest due to their ability to integrate traditional medical diagnostic tools with miniature laboratory-on-body analytical devices. Diabetes is best treated through tight glycemic control by monitoring glucose levels. The availability of regular testing for an individual's condition is of great importance. Recently, various methods for sensory analysis of diabetes biomarkers have been developed based on new principles, in particular, using various carbon materials (carbon dots, graphene, and carbon tubes). These methods are discussed in this review.