Physical processes of formation and features of the plasma–dust exosphere of the Moon

We review studies of physical processes associated with the impact of external factors in outer space—flows of micrometeoroids and solar radiation—on the lunar regolith. Under the influence of these factors, regolith microparticles can detach from the surface and levitate. Near-surface plasma and levitating dust particles form a plasma–dust exosphere of the Moon. Under anthropogenic effects on the lunar environment, charged levitating microparticles can have an extremely negative impact on the engineering systems of lunar landers and on the activity and health of astronauts on the Moon. Based on information gained by automated and manned lunar missions and in laboratory experiments, we discuss modern ideas about physical processes occurring near the Moon's surface. Unsolved problems associated with the plasma–dust exosphere of the Moon are considered, and the principal strategies for their solution are outlined.