Quantum turbulence in superfluid helium

Helium at pressures below 25 atm remains liquid at temperatures down to absolute zero, when the number of excitations in the medium and the concentration of the normal component become negligible. This makes it possible to use superfluid helium at low temperatures as a model medium to study the formation and decay of a turbulent system. Describing and modeling the behavior of vortices in superfluid helium at temperatures below 0.1 K, when the amount of the normal component becomes negligible, are greatly simplified due to the quantization of the flow of the superfluid component, and all hydrodynamic properties of helium associated with its rotational motion are determined by quantized vortices. The article reviews experimental methods for the excitation and detection of quantum turbulence presented in experimental studies in recent years, and discusses features of vortex generation by various methods and at different temperatures of the superfluid, the dynamics of change in the concentration of vortices during the generation and decay of the vortex system, and the difference between the behavior of quantized vortices under Kolmogorov turbulence and that under Vinen turbulence.