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Russian Mathematical Surveys, 2023, Volume 78, Issue 4, Pages 782–784
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4213/rm10112e
(Mi rm10112)
 

This article is cited in 2 scientific papers (total in 2 papers)

Brief communications

On Fourier series in the multiple trigonometric system

M. G. Grigoryana, S. V. Konyaginb

a Yerevan State University
b Lomonosov Moscow State University
References:
Funding agency Grant number
Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports RA, Science Committee 21AG-1A066
Russian Science Foundation 22-11-00129
The research of M. G. Grigoryan (Theorems 5–7) was carried out with the financial support of Committee of Science of Republic Armenia, in the framework of research project 21AG-1A066. The research of S. V. Konyagin (Theorems 1–4 and Corollaries 1–3) was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant no. 22-11-00129.
Received: 14.04.2023
Russian version:
Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk, 2023, Volume 78, Issue 4(472), Pages 201–202
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4213/rm10112
Bibliographic databases:
Document Type: Article
MSC: 42B05, 42B08
Language: English
Original paper language: Russian

This is a continuation of [1]–[5]. We introduce the requisite notation and definitions: $\mathbb{T}^{d}:=[{-\pi},{\pi}]^{d}$; $\mathbf{x}=(x_{1},\dots,x_{d})\in \mathbb{R}^{d}$, $\mathbf{k}=(k_{1},\dots,k_{d})\in \mathbb{Z}^{d}$, where $d\in\mathbb{N}$, and we let

$$ \begin{equation*} \widehat{f}_{\mathbf{k}}:=\dfrac{1}{(2\pi)^{d}}\displaystyle\int_{\mathbb{T}^{d}} f(\mathbf{t})e^{-i\mathbf{kt}}\,\mathrm{d}\mathbf{t} \end{equation*} \notag $$
denote the Fourier coefficients of the function $f\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ with respect to the $d$-dimensional trigonometric system $\{e^{i\mathbf{kx}}\}_{\mathbf{k}=-\infty}^{\infty}$, where $\mathbf{kx}=k_{1}x_{1}+\cdots+k_{d}x_{d}$. Rectangular and spherical partial sums of the Fourier series of a function $f\in L^{1}\mathbb{(T}^{d}{)}$ with respect to the $d$-dimensional trigonometric system are defined by
$$ \begin{equation*} S_{\mathbf{n}}(f;\mathbf{x})=\sum_{|\mathbf{k}|\leqslant\mathbf{n}}{\widehat{f}}_{\mathbf{k}}e^{i\mathbf{kx}}, \end{equation*} \notag $$
and, respectively, by
$$ \begin{equation*} S_{(\lambda)}(f;\mathbf{x})=\sum_{k_{1}^{2}+\cdots+k_{d}^{2}\leqslant\lambda^{2}}{\widehat{f}}_{\mathbf{k}}e^{i\mathbf{kx}}. \end{equation*} \notag $$
Pringsheim convergence (over rectangles) or convergence over spheres (in one sense or another) of the Fourier series of $f$ means that
$$ \begin{equation*} S_{\mathbf{n}}(f;\mathbf{x})\to f\quad\text{as}\quad n_{\ast}=\min(n_{1},\dots,n_{d})\to\infty \end{equation*} \notag $$
or, respectively,
$$ \begin{equation*} S_{(\lambda)}(f;\mathbf{x})\to f\quad\text{as}\quad \lambda\to\infty. \end{equation*} \notag $$

Set $\rho(\Omega)_{A}:=\limsup_{n_{\ast}\to\infty} \#(\Omega\cap\lbrack\mathbf{-n,n})^{d})/ \#(A\cap\lbrack\mathbf{-n,n})^{d})$, $D_{\langle A\rangle}=\sum_{\mathbf{k}\in A}e^{i\mathbf{kx}}$, and $S_{\langle A\rangle}(f;\mathbf{x})= \sum_{\mathbf{k}\in A}{\widehat{f}}_{\mathbf{k}}e^{i\mathbf{kx}}$, where $A\subset \mathbb{Z}^{d}$ is a bounded set, $\Omega\subset A$, $\#(E)$ is the cardinality of the finite set $E$, and $[\mathbf{-n,n})^{d}=[-n_{1},n_{1})\times\cdots\times\lbrack-n_{d},n_{d})$. We call the quantity $\rho(\Omega)_{A}$ the density of the subset $\Omega$ with respect to the set $A$. Let $\Lambda(f):=\{\mathbf{k}\in \mathbb{Z}^{d} \colon\widehat{f}_{\mathbf{k}}\ne 0\}$ be the spectrum of $f\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$. We say that $f\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ is almost universal over rectangles (over spheres) for the class $L^{p}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ with respect to the $d$-dimensional trigonometric system $\{e^{i\mathbf{kx}},\mathbf k\in\mathbb{Z}^{d}\}$ if there exists a sequence of signs $\{\delta_{\mathbf{k}}=\pm1;\mathbf k\in \mathbb{Z}^{d}\}$ such that $\rho(\Omega(f))_{\Lambda(f)}=1$, where $\Omega(f)=\{\mathbf{k}\in \Lambda(f)\colon \delta_{\mathbf{k}}=1\}$ and such that the rectangular (respectively, spherical) partial sums of the series $\sum_{\mathbf{k}\in \mathbb{Z}^{d}}\delta_{\mathbf{k}}\widehat{f}_{\mathbf{k}}e^{i\mathbf{kx}}$ are dense in $L^{p}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$.

It follows from Kolmogorov’s famous theorem [6] that there exists no integrable function such that its Fourier series in the trigonometric system is universal in the class of all measurable functions. Getsadze [7] (also see Konyagin [1]) proved that an analogue of Kolmogorov’s theorem in [6] does not hold for the multiple trigonometric system. Nevertheless, the following result holds (see [2]).

Theorem 1 (Konyagin). There exists no function $U\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$, $d>1$, whose Fourier series in the $d$-dimensional trigonometric system is universal over rectangles in $L^{p}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ for $p\in(0,1)$.

This is a consequence of the following stronger result.

Theorem 2 (Konyagin [2]). Assume that a subsequence of Pringsheim partial sums of a function $f\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ converges to a finite function $g$ on a set $E\subset \mathbb{T}^{d}$ of positive measure. Then $g=f$ almost everywhere on $E$.

The following results also hold.

Theorem 3 (Konyagin). For each function $f\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$, $d \geqslant2$, there exists a subsequence of Pingsheim partial sums that converges to it in $L^{p}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ for each $p\in(0,1)$.

Theorem 4 (Konyagin). Let $\{A_{k}\}_{k=1}^{\infty}$ be a sequence of bounded subsets of the space $\mathbb{R}^{d}$, let $N_{k}=\#(\mathbb{Z}^{d}\cap A_{k}) \geqslant3$, and assume that $\lim_{k\to\infty}\|D_{\langle A_{k}\rangle}\|_{1}/\log N_{k}=\infty$. Then there exist an increasing sequence $\{k_{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty}$ and $f\in L^1(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ such that $\operatorname{lim}_{j\to\infty}|S_{\langle A_{k_{j}}\rangle} (f;\mathbf{x})|=\infty$ almost everywhere.

The following results are consequences of Theorem 4.

Corollary 1 (Konyagin). Let $d \geqslant2$, and let $\{\mathbf{n}^{(\upsilon)}\}_{\upsilon\in\mathbb{N}}\in \mathbb{Z}_{+}^{d}$ be sequence satisfying the condition $\min(n_{1}^{(\upsilon)},\dots,n_{d}^{(\upsilon)})\to\infty$ as $\upsilon\to\infty$. Then this sequence contains a subsequence $\{\mathbf{\check{n}}^{(\upsilon)}\}_{\upsilon\in\mathbb{N}}$ such that for some function $f$ the condition $\lim_{\upsilon\to\infty}|S_{\check{\mathbf{n}}^{(\upsilon)}} (f;\mathbf{x})|= \infty$ holds almost everywhere.

Corollary 2 (Konyagin). Let $d\geqslant2$, and let $A\subset \mathbb{R}^{d}$ be a bounded body with non-empty interior. Then there exists a sequence $\{m_{j}\}_{j\in\mathbb{N}}$ such that for some function $f\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ the condition $\lim_{j\to\infty}\!|S_{\langle m_{j}A\rangle}(f;\mathbf{x})|= \infty$ holds almost everywhere.

In a similar way we can deduce from Theorem 4 that the absolute values of the partial sums over hyperbolic crosses diverge to infinity almost everywhere.

Corollary 3 (Konyagin). Let $d \geqslant2$ и $A=\{\mathbf{u}=(u_{1},\dots,u_{d})\in \mathbb{R}^{d}\colon 0<|u_{1}\cdots u_{d}| \leqslant1\}\subset\mathbb{R}^{d}$. Then there exists a sequence $\{m_{j}\}_{j\in\mathbb{N}}$ such that for some function $f\in L^{1}\mathbb{(T}^{d})$ the condition $\lim_{j\to\infty}\!|S_{\langle m_{j}A\rangle}(f;\mathbf{x})|= \infty$ holds almost everywhere.

By Theorem 1 there exists no universal function function with respect to the $d$-dimensional trigonometric function for the class $L^{p}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$, where $p\in(0,1)$. However, an almost universal function exists. More precisely, the following theorem holds (see [3]).

Theorem 5 (Grigoryan). For any $p\in(0,1)$ and $d \geqslant2$ there exists a function $U\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ that is almost universal over rectangles and spheres alike for the class $L^{p}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$, $p\in(0,1)$, with respect to the $d$-dimensional trigonometric system.

It turns out that each measurable function which is finite almost everywhere can be transformed into an almost universal function by changing its values on a set of arbitrarily small measure. Namely, the following results hold.

Theorem 6 (Grigoryan). For any $p\in(0,1)$, $d \geqslant2$, and $\delta>0$ and any measurable function $f$ on $\mathbb{T}^{d}$ which is finite almost everywhere, there exist a measurable function $g\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ and a measurable set $E\subset\mathbb{T}^{d}$ of measure $|E|\geqslant(2\pi)^{d}-\delta$ such that $g=f$ on $E$ and $g$ is almost universal over rectangles and spheres alike for the class $L^{p}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ for $p\in(0,1)$.

Theorem 7 (Grigoryan). For any $p\in(0,1)$ and $d \geqslant2$ there exists a function $U\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ that is almost universal over rectangles and spheres alike for the class of measurable functions on $\mathbb{T}^{d}$ with respect to the $d$-dimensional trigonometric system and which also has the following property: for any $\delta>0$ there exists a measurable set $E\subset \mathbb{T}^{d}$ of measure $|E|\geqslant(2\pi)^{d}-\delta$ such that for each function $f\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ there exists a funtion $g\in L^{1}(\mathbb{T}^{d})$ such that $g=f$ on $E$ and the Fourier coefficients of $g$ and $U$ in the $d$-dimensional trigonometric system have the same moduli.


Bibliography

1. S. V. Konyagin, Math. Notes, 44:2 (1988), 589–592  mathnet  crossref  mathscinet  zmath
2. S. V. Konyagin, Proc. Steklov Inst. Math., 319, Suppl. 1 (2022), S156–S161  mathnet  crossref  mathscinet  zmath
3. M. G. Grigoryan and L. N. Galoyan, Izv. Math., 85:2 (2021), 241–261  mathnet  crossref  mathscinet  zmath  adsnasa
4. M. G. Grigoryan, Math. Notes, 108:2 (2020), 282–285  mathnet  crossref  mathscinet  zmath
5. M. G. Grigoryan, Proc. Steklov Inst. Math., 319, Suppl. 1 (2022), S129–S139  mathnet  crossref  mathscinet  zmath
6. A. Kolmogoroff (Kolmogorov), Fund. Math., 7 (1925), 24–29  crossref  zmath
7. R. D. Getsadze, Soobshch. Akad. nauk. Gruz.SSR, 122:2 (1986), 269–271 (Russian)  mathscinet  zmath

Citation: M. G. Grigoryan, S. V. Konyagin, “On Fourier series in the multiple trigonometric system”, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 78:4(472) (2023), 201–202; Russian Math. Surveys, 78:4 (2023), 782–784
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