Biomedical applications of graphene-based nanomaterials in gene delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing and for the development antibacterial agents

Graphene and graphene oxide have emerged as promising materials in various biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of their utilization in gene delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors and antibacterial and antimicrobial agents. In gene delivery, graphene-based materials offer efficient delivery platforms with enhanced cellular uptake and minimal cytotoxicity, promising advancements in gene therapy. Additionally, in tissue engineering, graphene and graphene oxide scaffolds exhibit excellent biocompatibility, electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties, facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation for tissue regeneration. Moreover, graphenebased biosensors demonstrate high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, enabling rapid and accurate detection of biomolecules for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review highlights the recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects of graphene and graphene oxide in revolutionizing biomedical technologies, paving the way for innovative solutions in healthcare.