Effect of fluorine, nitrogen, and carbon impurities on the electronic and magnetic properties of WO$_3$

Within electron density functional theory with the use of the Vienna ab-initio simulation package (VASP), the effect of the $sp$ substitutional impurities of fluorine ($n$-type dopant), nitrogen, and carbon ($p$-type dopants) on the electronic and magnetic properties of tungsten trioxide WO$_3$ is studied. It is established that these impurities induce the transformation of tungsten trioxide (nonmagnetic semiconductor) into nonmagnetic metal (WO$_3$:F), magnetic semimetal (WO$_3$:N), or magnetic metal (WO$_3$:C) states.